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Roger is shown two piles of sand and says that each pile has the same amount. However, when one pile is flattened with a shovel, he now claims emphatically, "The flat pile has less sand." Based on this information, Roger is probably in Piaget's _______ stage of development.


A) preoperational
B) concrete operations
C) formal operations
D) sensorimotor

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's notion of:


A) concrete operations
B) accommodation
C) cognitive structure
D) assimilation

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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D

Dr. Bauer asks 9-year-old Anne to divide a pitcher of lemonade equally between two glasses, one each for her and her friend Kate. The two glasses are different shapes, with Anne's being tall and thin and Kate's being short and wide. After Anne pours the lemonade, Dr. Bauer says to her, "Look, the lemonade in your glass is higher than the lemonade in Kate's glass. Did you give yourself more than you gave Kate?" "No," Anne replies, "my glass is skinnier." Dr. Bauer continues to ask Anne questions to determine how well she understands that height compensates for width in this situation. Dr. Bauer's strategy can best be described as illustrating:


A) equilibration
B) class inclusion
C) the clinical method
D) reciprocal teaching

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Three of the following statements reflect contemporary views of Piaget's stages. Which statement is not accurate?


A) The stages better reflect how children can think under optimal circumstances rather than how they typically do think in day-to-day situations.
B) Acquisition of stage-related characteristics or not) seems to depend to some degree on the culture in which a child grows up.
C) Most formal operational capabilities emerge 2-3 years earlier than Piaget suggested.
D) Cognitive development can be better characterized as gradual trends than as four distinct stages.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Bobby is 3 years old and in the pre-operational state. He is speaking in complete sentences and picking up on the grammar of his native language. Which is the following statement is consistent with Piaget's theory?


A) Bobby's learning is delayed because he does not know 500 words.
B) Bobby's current understanding of language builds upon his previous basic learning of language from the sensorimotor stage.
C) Bobby will be delayed in entering the concrete operational stage because at age 3 he should be able to participate in conversations with other children.
D) Bobby does not have object permanence.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Piaget was undoubtedly influential in the field of cognitive development. However, new research examining cognitive development has suggested finings that are not consistent with Piaget's theory. Use such findings to describe three weaknesses of Piaget's theory. Include specific examples.

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One weakness of Piaget's theory is that ...

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From Piaget's perspective, why is language critical for children's cognitive development?


A) It helps them get things they want.
B) It gives them a means for symbolically thinking about objects and events.
C) It takes up much of their mental energy and so helps to keep them from being easily distracted.
D) It enhances their self-efficacy, because they are now aware that they can communicate effectively with other human beings.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Which one of the following best illustrates how sociocognitive conflict might promote cognitive development?


A) Two children work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the week's new spelling words.
B) A teenage boy worries that his friends might think he's a "nerd" if he refuses a can of beer at a party.
C) The students in a cooperative learning group debate different ways of solving a difficult math problem.
D) Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as:


A) A mental picture of oneself
B) A general lifestyle or cultural pattern
C) A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop
D) An organized group of similar thoughts or actions

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Piaget has described four stages of cognitive development. Which one of the following is an accurate statement about Piaget's view of these stages?


A) With each successive stage, schemata become more simplified.
B) It is possible for children to skip from the pre operational state to the formal operational stage, but only a small minority of children actually do so.
C) Children have difficulty solving problems until they reach formal operations.
D) Each stage involves forms of thought qualitatively different from those of other stages.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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As a first-grade teacher reads a book about penguins in Antarctica, she points to Antarctica on a globe. Six-year-old John seems really puzzled. "How come they don't fall off the earth?" he asks. From Piaget's perspective, John can best be described as:


A) Experiencing disequilibrium
B) Having difficulty with conservation
C) Having difficulty with class inclusion
D) Accommodating when he should be assimilating

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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In her first trip to a zoo, 7-year-old Latisha notices that leopards have paws very similar in shape to her cat Snowball's paws. She also notices that leopards walk in much the same way that Snowball does. Latisha starts to wonder if perhaps leopards are cats. Latisha's thinking illustrates Piaget's idea that thought is characterized by:


A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) use of schemes
D) compartmentalization

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which one of the following examples best illustrates symbolic thought as Piaget described it?


A) Isabelle pushes a classmate off the swing so that she can use it.
B) Edward tries not to cry when his mother drops him off on the first day of kindergarten.
C) Richard actively manipulates a new toy to find out what it does.
D) Laura asks herself, "Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?"

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help students learn from a discovery learning activity?


A) Making sure students always remain in equilibrium
B) Providing some structure to guide students' explorations
C) Providing an abstract overview of the discovery session ahead of time
D) Encouraging students to interpret their observations in ways that confirm their initial expectations

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Three of the following statements are consistent with neo-Piagetian perspectives of cognitive development. Which statement is not?


A) Formal instruction can have a significant impact on children's cognitive development.
B) Incomplete brain maturation limits how much children at any particular age can do.
C) Through their everyday experiences, children learn some of the basic patterns in their environment even without intentionally trying to do so.
D) Cognitive development is better characterized as a series of seven rather than four) general stages.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Piaget's ideas were largely ignored by American psychologists until the 1960s. Three of the following are probable reasons why this was so. Which one is not a likely reason?


A) Piaget studied children rather than nonhuman species.
B) Piaget's ideas were incompatible with behaviorist theory.
C) Most of Piaget's writings were in French.
D) Piaget used research methods that were unconventional in the eyes of American psychologists.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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As Valerie grows older, she becomes increasingly proficient in a variety of tasks involving numerical reasoning, including counting, adding and subtracting, and comparing two-digit numbers. From a neo-Piagetian perspective, Valerie's simultaneous progress in these diverse areas reflects the idea that she:


A) Is in a state of equilibrium
B) Is in her zone of proximal development for numerical tasks
C) Can assimilate diverse mathematical tasks into a single mega-scheme
D) Has a central conceptual structure for numbers

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence?


A) Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box.
B) Six-year-old Lucas thinks that his recently deceased grandfather is still alive.
C) Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new."
D) Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A

According to Piaget, three of the following are essential for cognitive development. Which one is not?


A) Brain maturation
B) High self-esteem
C) Interaction with other people
D) Interaction with the physical environment

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which one of the following statements best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world?


A) Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired."
B) Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment.
C) Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually internalizing these beliefs as their own "knowledge."
D) Initially, children unconsciously develop a rather complex and confused view of the world, but this view becomes simpler and more straightforward as time goes on.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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B

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