A) the theory of efficiency wages holds true for that market.
B) there is a powerful labor union representing workers in that market.
C) workers are largely unskilled and/or inexperienced and minimum-wage laws are effectively holding wages up in that market.
D) All of the above are correct.
F) A) and B)
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A) Cowboys are more productive than farm boys.
B) Cowboys work longer hours than farm boys and their effort is greater.
C) Cowboys are generally less educated than farm boys in the field of hardware.
D) All of the above would weaken the discrimination complaint.
F) B) and C)
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A) rare.
B) common and that owners of teams are largely to blame.
C) common and that customers (fans) are largely to blame.
D) None of the above is correct; there are no reliable studies of discrimination in sports due to the difficulties inherent in measuring athletes' productivity.
F) A) and C)
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A) belongs to a labor union.
B) is covered by a minimum-wage law.
C) is paid an efficiency wage.
D) All of the above are correct.
F) A) and D)
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A) market forces nevertheless always work to prevent discriminatory wage differentials.
B) discriminatory wage differentials can exist, but only if firms refrain from maximizing their profits.
C) discriminatory wage differentials can exist, but only if government reinforces customers' practices by passing laws that mandate discrimination.
D) discriminatory wage differentials can exist, even in the absence of discriminatory practices by firms or by government.
F) B) and C)
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A) increase the supply of teachers to this school.
B) increase wages for teachers at the private school relative to those at public schools.
C) decrease the marginal product of teachers at the private school.
D) All of the above are correct.
F) B) and D)
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A) doing so is more efficient than paying them the market wage.
B) paying workers less gives them the incentive to work harder.
C) workers and management gain at the expense of the stockholders of the company.
D) workers have the incentive to work harder, thus increasing their marginal productivity.
F) B) and C)
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A) there was no evidence of price discrimination on the basis of player position (hitter versus pitcher) .
B) markets in which the product price is low are not typically characterized by consumer-driven race discrimination.
C) cards for white players (both hitters and pitchers) were 10 to 13 percent higher than those for comparable black players.
D) cards for black players (both hitters and pitchers) were 10 to 13 percent higher than those for comparable white players.
F) A) and B)
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B) False
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A) the inability to calculate wage differentials.
B) the inability to see changes in the wage differentials over a period of time.
C) the difficulty in measuring productivity differences between workers.
D) the difficulty in measuring female labor-force participation.
F) B) and C)
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A) Education can turn an unproductive person into a productive person.
B) Education increases the marginal productivity of naturally productive workers.
C) The more naturally productive people are more inclined to educate themselves.
D) All of the above are correct.
F) A) and B)
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A) applies only to race and gender.
B) is conclusively identified in large differences in average wages rates between men and women.
C) is difficult to verify by reference to differences in average wage rates.
D) is more easily identified on the basis of race than gender.
F) A) and B)
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B) False
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A) Governments sometimes mandate discriminatory practices.
B) Some employees have a lot of job experience; others have little job experience.
C) In a discriminatory environment, a competitive firm that takes prices and wages as given has nothing to gain from any particular choice it makes regarding who to hire or which customers to serve.
D) Not all firms exhibit social responsibility in sufficient measure to counter discriminatory wage practices.
F) C) and D)
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B) False
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A) the marginal product of labor.
B) the marginal product of capital.
C) diminishing marginal returns.
D) a compensating differential.
F) C) and D)
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A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) remained constant.
D) first increased by a small percent, then decreased by a large percent.
F) B) and C)
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A) the financial capital a person earns over a lifetime of investing
B) the machinery a worker uses to produce a product
C) the training a worker receives when starting a new job
D) the break room in a factory where employees go to have coffee
F) A) and B)
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A) workers are efficient.
B) workers have an incentive to shirk their responsibilities to their employers.
C) wages must always adjust to balance labor supply and labor demand.
D) firms sometimes choose to pay their workers above-equilibrium wages.
F) None of the above
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A) are valued more by the market relative to Billy's and that explains why his income is higher than Billy's.
B) are valued less by the market relative to Billy's and that explains why his income is higher than Billy's.
C) are valued less by the market relative to Billy's and that explains why his income is lower than Billy's.
D) are more expensive because he receives a compensating differential.
F) B) and C)
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